Cardinals today still have the chance to lobby behind closed doors for their favored candidate during a conclave. The divine ...
But by the end of the 11th century, with the help of powerful European leaders called the Holy Roman Emperors, a series of reform-minded clerics were named pope. One of them, Pope Nicholas II ...
I’m a historian of the medieval papacy and editor of the forthcoming three volumes of “The Cambridge History of the Papacy.” So it was more or less ma ...