Arthur Kornberg compared DNA to a tape recording of instructions that can be copied over and over. How do cells make these near-perfect copies, and does the process ever vary? In reality, the ...

Protein synthesis is vital for life, translating genetic information from DNA to functional proteins through transcription ...

This process of protein synthesis occurs in two stages - transcription and translation. When a gene is to be expressed, the base sequence of DNA is copied or transcribed into mRNA (messenger RNA).

So how does protein synthesis make hair? If you've looked at the activity (or even the text version of the activity), you know how a section of DNA instructs a cell how to make a protein.

The nucleosides are rich in exposed hydroxyl and amino groups, so scientists use protecting groups to prevent unintended reactions with compounds used in DNA synthesis. Chemicals remove the protecting ...