But Westphalia did not create a secular order, and a secular order certainly did not precede the treaty. Westphalia was explicitly a Christian peace, which further imprinted an improved, mutually ...

Description. Cato Institute Foreign Policy Research Fellow William Ruger discussed the idea of national sovereignty that emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years' War.

Admittedly, much of the contemporary confusion over Westphalia starts with the confusing history of the treaty itself. At the risk of vastly oversimplifying, the Treaty of Westphalia transformed one ...

Correcting this mischaracterization is not only important for our understanding of modern conflicts in the Middle East, but also for finding ways to end them. Westphalia can be used, not as a ...

Here’s What You Need to Remember: Although the Peace of Westphalia only originally impacted Western and Central Europe, it eventually had global consequences. Wherever there are states, there ...

In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia ended 30 years of religious conflict that had exhausted and brutalised most of Western Europe. The “Peace of Westphalia” that followed is often called the “Peace of ...

All of this means that Westphalia can probably be expected to remain firmly in place as a core tenet of international order under Chinese leadership, even if the application of Westphalian norms ...

Treaties with which comparison is suggested are those of Westphalia, signed in 1648 after seven years deliberation, those of Utrecht signed in 1713, eighteen months after the preliminaries, and ...