The Standard Model is a kind of periodic table of the elements for particle physics. But instead of listing the chemical elements, it lists the fundamental particles that make up the atoms that make ...

In 1913, Neils Bohr proposed that electrons in an atom orbit the nucleus in discrete ... Matter in the Universe is made of ...

Quarks are the reason protons have a positive charge. Each quark has a fraction of an electric charge. A proton has two up ...

The standard model of particle physics represents the most comprehensive theory about fundamental or subatomic particles and forces ... force that holds the atom’s nucleus together.

Its crowning glory came in 2012 with the discovery of the Higgs boson, the particle that gives all other fundamental particles their mass, whose existence was predicted on the basis of quantum ...

In the intricate world of quantum physics, where particles interact in ways that seem to defy the standard rules of space and ...

When building an atom, pay close attention to the particles' electrical charges. Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1. Neutrons are neutral, as its name implies. A stable ...

The fundamental particles are summarised by the standard model. This includes leptons (such as the electron), the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and gauge bosons, which mediate forces ...

These massive machines smash particles—such as protons which are inside every atom, or lead ions—into ... This can expose new elementary particles of matter, revealing their true nature.