Trapped air prevents heat loss by conduction and convection. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature by infrared radiation.

Machines behave differently than humans—and different units complicate matters further.

Heat pumps work through the same heat transfer process and largely the same equipment as that used in air conditioners. Air conditioners use a closed loop refrigerant system to remove heat from an ...

Researchers have shown for the first time that heat transfer in the form of infrared radiation can influence chemical reactions more strongly than traditional convection and conduction methods.