examples include serine, threonine, and asparagine. Other amino acids avoid water and are called hydrophobic, such as isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine. The amino acid cysteine has a ...

This incredible array of functions derives from a startlingly simple code that specifies a hugely diverse set of structures ... polar amino acids are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic ...

Proteins can further fold and assemble into complex structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets, which are stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ...