They observed a water contact angle of more than 160 degrees—the larger the angle formed by the surface of a water drop with the substrate, the better the hydrophobic properties of the material.

The CQD suspension produced a smooth hydrophobic layer, resulting in a water contact angle of 110°, confirming improved coating quality. This approach significantly enhanced PVA's hydrophobic ...

“In this study, a double-layer hydrophobic AR has successfully been ... In the following step, the researchers obtained water contact angle (WCA) images to analyze the new coating's wetting ...