Insolation rises sharply from approximately 50 joules at the poles to 275 joules at the equator. Terrestrial radiation varies less, from 120 joules at the poles to 200 joules at the equator.

The last change in Earth's magnetic field, known as the Laschamps excursion, occurred around 40,000 to 42,000 years ago, ...

No human has ever traveled directly over the Earth’s poles from space, a trip that requires far more fuel than the usual flight paths that follow closer to the equator. The Fram2 will aim to ...