Ukraine also holds substantial reserves of precious and non-ferrous metals, including titanium, zirconium, graphite, and lithium, the latter of which is largely untapped but considered one of Europe’s largest reserves, estimated at 500,000 tonnes.

Ukraine's rare earth element and mineral resources may be far lower than the Trump administration intends to capitalize on.

Ukraine said on Wednesday that it had reached a framework agreement with the United States on jointly developing Ukraine’s natural resources including rare earths, critical minerals, oil and gas.