Every CMOS device you deal with relies on FETs for its operation and every high ... just as there are PNP and NPN bipolar transistors. Were you to bias an n-channel JFET as you would a bipolar ...

If you want to control it from a 3.3 V MCU that can’t handle the high-side voltage on its pins, you can add a NPN transistor section as shown – this inverts the logic, making it into a more ...

The first transistor was about half an inch high. That's mammoth by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit on a single computer chip. It was nevertheless an amazing piece of technology.