Photosynthesis: A Chemical and Biological ... a chemical reaction that produces a "proton gradient." This gradient acts like a turbine, generating an enzyme called adenosine triphosphate (ATP ...

Photosynthesis: A Chemical and Biological ... a chemical reaction that produces a "proton gradient." This gradient acts like a turbine, generating an enzyme called adenosine triphosphate (ATP ...

The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...