Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potent bone inducers used clinically to enhance fracture repair. BMPs have been shown to be produced in the fracture callus; however, the comparative ...

Muscles and glands are called effectors. The diagram summarises how information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system. Receptors are groups of specialised cells. They detect a ...

Multiple receptors and effectors may exist in tightly linked scaffolds with very controlled and stereotyped responses, rather than fluidly moving in the membrane as was initially conceptualized in ...

One long insect PGRP, PGRP-LC, is a transmembrane receptor that recognizes diaminopimelic ... both of which generate antimicrobial effectors. By contrast, mammalian PGRPs are directly bactericidal.

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. Muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones are the response of effectors coordinated by the CNS. Receptors are groups of specialised cells. They detect ...