Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potent bone inducers used clinically to enhance fracture repair. BMPs have been shown to be produced in the fracture callus; however, the comparative ...

One long insect PGRP, PGRP-LC, is a transmembrane receptor that recognizes diaminopimelic ... both of which generate antimicrobial effectors. By contrast, mammalian PGRPs are directly bactericidal.

The effectors work to regulate internal conditions back to their optimum level. So remember the order is receptors, the coordination Centre and effectors. This process where optimum levels are ...

But bacteria can interfere with PAMP-triggered immunity by injecting effector molecules into the plant cell. Intracellular plant protein complexes called nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat ...

Multiple receptors and effectors may exist in tightly linked scaffolds with very controlled and stereotyped responses, rather than fluidly moving in the membrane as was initially conceptualized in ...