X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)is a highly sensitive technique for identifying and quantifying the chemical states of elements on the outermost surface of a solid. It is especially useful for ...

There are two main types of photoelectron spectroscopy, differentiated by the energy range of the incident photons: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS uses soft X-rays (typically Al Kα or Mg ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most popular surface analysis methods because it can be used on a broad range of materials and it supplies highly useful chemical data on the ...