However, the P wave or T wave axis can also be measured. To determine the QRS axis, the limb leads (not the precordial leads) need to be examined.

In this article, Dr. Chen and colleagues reported that in people with AFib, abnormal P-wave indices during sinus rhythm are associated with stroke independent of CHA2DS2- VASc variables.

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A wandering atrial pacemaker was defined as a change in P-wave axis of 60° or more on subsequent ECGs. Linkage analysis, mutation screen and array comparative genomic hybridization.