Whether a midline or transverse incision is used in abdominal surgery depends mainly on the disease, anatomy and potential effects on wound healing, pain and postoperative complications.

A median episiotomy is a vertical incision into the midline of the perineum from the posterior fourchette toward the anus. For a mediolateral episiotomy, the incision starts at the hymenal ring ...

Generally, a flank incision for the nephrectomy followed ... breadths below the xyphoid process (camera), and a 7 cm vertical lower midline incision for the hand device.