By analyzing the energy spectrum of these photoelectrons, information about the surface composition and chemical states of the elements can be deduced.

(Image: A. Carlson, Wikimedia Commons, in the public domain) Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) are both essential for analyzing material surfaces, offering ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)is a highly sensitive technique for identifying and quantifying the chemical states of elements on the outermost surface of a solid. It is especially useful for ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most popular surface analysis methods because it can be used on a broad range of materials and it supplies highly useful chemical data on the ...