X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also referred to as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is an invaluable tool for materials surface characterization. However, the capability and ...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is often used to determine the chemical composition of materials. It was developed in the 1960s and is accepted as a standard method in materials science.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)is a highly sensitive technique for identifying and quantifying the chemical states of elements on the outermost surface of a solid. It is especially useful for ...