“Happy is he who is able to know the causes of things.”— Virgil The idea that one needs to do an experiment—a controlled perturbation of a single variable—to assign cause and effect is ...

Explain to students that while you have given them relatively straightforward examples to work with so far, for many events in history both the causes and effects ... flip chart paper, or ask ...

Key Points Fishbone diagrams are an effective way to brainstorm root causes for a potential problem. They are especially useful when there isn’t much data available to analyze the problem.