Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

This is the basic principle of photoelectron spectroscopy. The electron that is emitted, known as the photoelectron, is often treated as a classical particle. In reality, the photoelectron is a ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most popular surface analysis methods because it can be used on a broad range of materials and it supplies highly useful chemical data on the ...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a common surface analysis method because it can be used on a wide variety of materials and supplies valuable quantitative and chemical data. X-ray photoelectron ...