The Problem with Punishment ... in positive behavior for some reasonable amount of time. I’ll give examples of this in just a minute. I’ve never much cared for the term negative reinforcement ...

(CNN) — The age of de-extinction may soon be a reality. Advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology are making resurrecting animals once lost to this world a tangible prospect.

When we visualize positive future outcomes, our brains release dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to motivation and reward. From an evolutionary perspective, hope has played a vital role in human ...