Indirect circulating systems circulate a non-freezing heat-transfer fluid through a heat exchanger that ... Passive solar water heaters don't have pumps to move hot and cold water around.

Researchers in Italy have designed a novel carbon dioxide heat pump that can work with photovoltaic-thermal energy, a finned coil heat exchanger and a U-tube borehole heat exchanger. Their experiment ...

“The integrated water heat exchanger in the outdoor unit simplifies ... We also consider the ramifications of the current global oversupply of solar panels, Australia’s prospects of refining ...